Holyoke, Massachusetts

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Holyoke is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States, that lies between the western bank of the Connecticut River and the Mount Tom Range. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 39,880. As of 2016, the estimated population was 40,280. Sitting 8 miles (13 km) north of Springfield, Holyoke is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area, one of the two distinct metropolitan areas in Massachusetts.

During the 19th century the city produced an estimated 80% of the writing paper used in the United States and was home to the largest paper and alpaca wool mills in the world. Although a considerably smaller number of businesses in Holyoke still work in the paper industry today, the city is still commonly referred to as "The Paper City". Holyoke is also home to the Volleyball Hall of Fame and known as the "Birthplace of Volleyball", as the internationally played Olympic sport was invented and first played at the local YMCA chapter by William G. Morgan in 1895.

Powered by a series of municipally-owned canals, between 85% and 90% of Holyoke's energy was carbon neutral as of 2016, with administrative goals in place to reach 100% in the immediate future.

Video Holyoke, Massachusetts

History

Englishmen first arrived in the Connecticut River Valley in 1633--a post was established at Windsor, Connecticut, by traders from the Plymouth Plantation. In 1636, Massachusetts Bay Colony assistant treasurer and Puritan iconoclast William Pynchon led a group of settlers from Roxbury, Massachusetts, to establish Springfield on land that scouts had vetted the previous year. They considered it the most advantageous land in the Connecticut River Valley for farming and trading. This settlement, on fertile farmland just north of the Connecticut River's first major falls (at Enfield Falls), the place where seagoing vessels necessarily had to transfer their cargo into smaller shallops to continue northward on the Connecticut River, quickly became a successful settlement--largely due to its advantageous position on the Bay Path to Boston, the Massachusetts Path to Albany, and beside the Connecticut River. Originally, Springfield spanned both sides of the Connecticut River; the region was eventually partitioned. The land on the western bank of the Connecticut River became West Springfield, Massachusetts. West Springfield's northernmost parish (alternately called Third Parish, North Parish, or Ireland Parish) became Holyoke, named after earlier Springfield settler William Pynchon's son-in-law, Elizur Holyoke, who had first explored the area in the 1650s. The village of Holyoke was first settled in 1745 and was officially incorporated on March 14, 1850. Following its establishment, the first official town meeting took place a week later, on March 22, 1850.

The first post office in the area was called Ireland. It was established June 3, 1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster. It was discontinued in 1883. Another post office called Ireland Depot was established February 26, 1847, with John M. Chapin as first postmaster and had its name changed to Holyoke (with George Whittle as first postmaster) March 14, 1850.

A part of Northampton known as Smith's Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of Easthampton in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. The neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909.

Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of a dam and the Holyoke Canal System in 1849 and the subsequent construction of water-powered mills, particularly paper mills. At one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The Holyoke Machine Company, manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era.

Holyoke's population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. Due to this staggering growth the municipality was officially incorporated as a city on April 7, 1873, only 23 years after its initial incorporation as the "Town of Holyoke". In 1888, Holyoke's paper industry spurred the foundation of the American Pad & Paper Company, which as of 2007 is one of the largest suppliers of office products in the world. The availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of America's major regional electric companies. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in the Northeast blackout of 1965, for example.

Planned industrial community

Holyoke was one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States. Holyoke features rectilinear street grids--a novelty in New England. This street hierarchy is seen as a potential economic development tool as it lends well to high-rise buildings, and the surrounding canals could be landscaped into a source of recreation and relaxation. Its grid pattern is notable in Western Massachusetts, where few roads are straight. Whereas New York's Commissioner's Plan of 1811 lays out a system of numbered streets and avenues, Holyoke's grid system alternates between tree species for North to South streets (Sycamore, Locust, Linden, Oak, Beech, Pine, Walnut, Elm, Chestnut, Maple), and the names of the Hadley Falls Company founders (Lyman, Dwight, Appleton, Cabot, Sargeant, Jackson), as well as several Massachusetts counties (Hampden, Suffolk, Essex, Hampshire, Franklin) for thoroughfares running east to west. The city's advantageous location on the Connecticut River--the largest river in New England--beside Hadley Falls, the river's steepest drop (60 feet), attracted the Boston Associates, who had successfully developed Lowell, Massachusetts' textile industry. From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the world's biggest paper manufacturer. The elaborate Holyoke Canal System, built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. Holyoke is nicknamed "The Paper City" due to its fame as the world's greatest paper producer.

Maps Holyoke, Massachusetts

Geography

Holyoke is located at 42°12?11?N 72°37?26?W (42.203191, -72.623969). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles (59 km²), of which 21.3 square miles (55 km²) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km²) (6.70%) is water. The city is bordered by Southampton and Westfield to the west, Easthampton to the north, Hadley, South Hadley and Chicopee as river borders to the east, and West Springfield to the south.

Holyoke is the location of East Mountain, the Mount Tom Range, and Mount Tom, at 1,202 feet (366 m) the highest traprock peak on the Metacomet Ridge, a linear mountain range that extends from Long Island Sound to the Vermont border. Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and microclimate ecosystems. The 110-mile (180 km) Metacomet-Monadnock Trail traverses the Mount Tom Range and East Mountain.

Neighborhoods

The city of Holyoke is divided into 15 distinct neighborhoods; in alphabetical order, they are:

• Churchill
• Downtown - features City Hall and the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
• Elmwood
• The Flats - features the Holyoke Canal System and many prominent structures built by the Hadley Falls Company in the mid-19th century.
• Highlands
• Highland Park
• Homestead Avenue - features the Ashley Reservoir.
• Ingleside - features the Holyoke Mall and Nuestras Raices.
• Jarvis Avenue
• Oakdale
• Rock Valley
• Smith's Ferry - features the Dinosaur Footprints Reservation.
• South Holyoke - features the Holyoke Turner Hall.
• Springdale
• Whiting Farms

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Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 39,880 people, 15,361 households, and 9,329 families residing in Holyoke. There were 16,384 housing units in the city. The racial makeup was 66.0% White (non-Hispanic White 46.8%), 4.7% African American (Non-Hispanic 2.4%), 0.8% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.5% some other race, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 48.4% of the population.

There were 15,361 households, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.5% were headed by married couples living together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.0% were made up of individuals, and 12.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.16.

In the city, 26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% were from 18 to 24, 25.5% were from 25 to 44, 23.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.

For the period 2011-15, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $36,608, and the median income for a family was $41,194. Male full-time workers had a median income of $43,902 versus $40,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,343. About 25.9% of families and 28.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.9% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.

Politically, the city of Holyoke has recently supported candidates from the Democratic Party by a wide margin. In the 2012 elections, voters supported President Barack Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 76%-22%, and Elizabeth Warren over incumbent Senator Scott Brown 70%-30%. Holyoke elected an openly gay mayor, Alex Morse, in the 2011 municipal election.

According to the 2003 FBI Report of Offenses Known to Law Enforcement Holyoke's crime rate in most categories was above the national average, in some categories significantly. Most of these crimes are placed in the category of property theft, with a property crime count of 2,822.

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Economy

Known by its moniker, the "Paper City", Holyoke's economic base was developed almost entirely around the paper industry for the better part of the late 19th and early 20th century; at one time the city was reportedly the largest producer of stationery, writing, and archival goods in the world. While writing paper production has largely left the city, Holyoke is still home to a number of specialty paper manufacturers, including companies like Eureka Lab Book, Hampden Paper, Hazen Paper, United Paper Box, and University Products. Several international companies also maintain manufacturing facilities in the area, including a power transmission factory for U.S. Tsubaki in Springdale, and a Sonoco cardboard recycling plant in South Holyoke.

In recent years there have been successful efforts to attract high-tech jobs to Holyoke and diversify its economic base. For example, a coalition of universities and tech companies have built the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center, an energy-efficient, high-performance computing center, in Holyoke. It opened in 2012. These companies and institutions include Cisco Systems, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT,) the University of Massachusetts, Boston University, Northeastern University, EMC Corporation, and Accenture PLC. The data center has been built in Holyoke in part due to hydropower accessibility.

The retail sector has been a major employer since the construction of the Holyoke Mall, one of the largest shopping malls in New England, in 1979. Retail has provided the city with a large and steady tax base, contributing over $7 million in taxes annually.

The city also features the corporate headquarters of PeoplesBank, the largest bank in Western Massachusetts, as well as the local Holyoke Federal Credit Union.

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Arts and culture

Immigration and migration

Historically, a city of working-class immigrants (and the business owners who employed them), the first wave of mill workers was predominantly Irish. Irish immigrants had begun to settle in the region before the construction of the dam and the industrialization that followed, which is why the area's early name was "Ireland's Parish." The Irish roots of Holyoke is still seen in its annual St. Patrick's Day Parade (see below).

In the 1850s, the mill owners began to recruit French-Canadians, who were viewed as more docile and less likely to create labor unions. Later waves of immigration led to significant growth and cultural influence of communities of Germans, Poles, and Jews over first half of the 20th century. Starting in the 1950s, a large influx of Puerto Ricans and people from other Latino groups began to immigrate and migrate to Holyoke. Today Latinos form the largest minority group in the city, with the largest percentage Puerto Rican population of any city in the US outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%. The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of the city's population of 39,880.

Saint Patrick's Day Parade

Holyoke is home to the second-largest St. Patrick's Day parade in the United States, surpassed only by the New York City parade. Held annually since 1952 on the Sunday following St. Patrick's Day, the parade draws hundreds of thousands of people from across New England and the Eastern seaboard of United States. The Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade typically attracts 350,000 to 450,000 people each year, although in certain years in the 1960s and 1970s when the March weather was "perfect", that number blossomed to what the police department estimated were 1,000,000 celebrants.

Puerto Rican Day Parade

The Puerto Rican community of Holyoke holds an annual Puerto Rican Day parade on the third weekend of July as part of an Annual Hispanic Family Festival held by La Familia Hispana, inc. Every year the parade grows in popularity, attracting Puerto Ricans from across the northeast.

Gay Pride Month observance

Mayor Alex B. Morse, who first became an activist for LGBT rights as a high school student in Holyoke only six years earlier, presided at the city's first rainbow flag-raising ceremony in recognition of Gay Pride Month in June 2012.

Points of interest

• Dinosaur Footprints Reservation, preserved dinosaur footprints along the Connecticut River
• East Mountain
• Gateway City Arts, a co-working space for artists and creatives
• Holyoke Canal System
• Holyoke Heritage State Park
• Holyoke Mall at Ingleside
• Holyoke Merry-Go-Round
• Mackenzie Stadium, home of the Valley Blue Sox of the New England Collegiate Baseball League
• Metacomet-Monadnock Trail
• Mount Tom of the Mount Tom Range
• Robert E. Barrett Fishway, lift system to allow fish to swim upstream of the Holyoke Dam
• U.S. Post Office, Captain Alezue Holyoke's Exploring Party on the Connecticut River, an oil on canvas mural, painted by Ross Moffet and installed in 1936.
• Victory Theater
• Wistariahurst Museum

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Sports

Birthplace of Volleyball

On February 9, 1895, William G. Morgan invented volleyball at the former Holyoke YMCA. That YMCA building was on High Street at the intersection with Appleton Street but has since been demolished. The Volleyball Hall of Fame resides in Holyoke at Heritage State Park and inducts a new class of athletes, coaches, and contributors every October. The sport was originally known as mintonette.

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Education

The city's educational needs are served by Holyoke Public Schools, as well as the Holyoke Community Charter School and the Paulo Friere Social Justice High School. The Holyoke High School, William J. Dean Technical-Vocational High School, and the Paulo Friere Social Justice High School. The city's private schools include Mater Dolorosa Catholic School and Holyoke Catholic High School, the latter of which is now located in Chicopee.

The city is also home to Holyoke Community College, as well as the HCC MGM Culinary Arts Institute being developed in cooperation with MGM Springfield. Funded by both state and federal education grants, the institute is scheduled to open in downtown in Spring 2018.

"The People's College"

Holyoke Public Library, found at 335 Maple Street, is one of the very few examples of neoclassical architecture in the city of Holyoke. It sits on Library Park, which was donated by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1887. In 1870 the library was originally in a room in the old Appleton Street School. In 1876 it moved to a large central room on the main floor of City Hall. It remained there until it was determined that it had outgrown the space and a modern facility was required. Holyoke's citizens were charged to raise money to construct the library building and provide additional books. Under the leadership of Henry Chase, $95,000 was raised. William Whiting and William Skinner, each gave $10,000. Joseph Clough, the architect in charge of designing the building, gave his services gratis because his daughter was a faithful patron of the library. It opened officially in 1902.

At the dedication ceremony William Whiting, who was library president at the time, referred to the library as the "people's college" and added that: "A library is as much a part of the intellectual life of a community as its schools, and should be supported generously as part of our educational system. Within these walls you will find authors devoted to literature, arts and science, and they are free to any who will ask. We can say to the citizens of Holyoke you have only to ask her and you will find knowledge to make your life useful and happy."

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Transportation

Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967. Amtrak's Vermonter stops at the Holyoke station once a day in each direction. Several buses from the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority also operate in the city.

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Environment

Despite its industrial history, Holyoke has been fortunate enough to contain no Superfund sites. One of the greatest producers of pollution in the area was the former Mount Tom Station, a coal plant in Smith's Ferry. Citizens cited higher rates of asthma, attributing them to the plant and after many years of discussion it was finally shuttered in December 2014. In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.

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Sister cities

• Svaliava, Ukraine
• Tralee, Ireland

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Notable people

(B) denotes that the person was born there.

• Arthur Adams (born 1963), comic book artist known for his work on Longshot and Monkeyman and O'Brien.(B)
• Paul Azinger (born 1960), professional golfer, winner of 1993 PGA Championship, and captain of the 2008 U.S. Ryder Cup team.(B)
• David M. Bartley (born 1935), politician and educator. (B)
• Donald Bevan (1920-2013), World War II combat veteran, playwright and writer of Stalag 17. (B)
• Hal Blaine (born 1929), professional drummer, member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, member of The Wrecking Crew (music). (B)
• Jack Buck (1924-2002), sportscaster in Baseball Hall of Fame.(B)
• Dick Burns (1863-1937), 19th century MLB pitcher and outfielder.(B)
• Jerome Connor (1874-1943), sculptor.
• Jack Doyle (1869-1958), Irish American baseball player who settled in Holyoke and served as police commissioner 1908-09.
• Sherri Browning Erwin (1968-present), writer. (B)
• Gerry Geran, Olympic silver medalist, first American-born player in National Hockey League.
• Bob Goodlatte, U.S. Representative from Virginia.(B)
• Marshall Green (1916-1998), Assistant Secretary of State.(B)
• Fran Healy (born 1946), Major League Baseball catcher for the Kansas City Royals, San Francisco Giants and New York Yankees.
• John Clellon Holmes (1926-1988), author best known for Go, an early novel about the Beat Generation. (B)
• Eddie Hurley (1908-1969), Major League Baseball umpire. (B)
• T. J. Jagodowski (born 1971), actor and comedian.
• Raymond Kennedy (1934-2008), novelist, who set many of his books in a fictionalized Holyoke that he called "Ireland Parish" and "Hadley Falls".
• Mike LaPlante (born 1966), college basketball head coach, NBA scout and lawyer. Known internationally as an excellent recruiter with contacts with the Senegalese Basketball Federation and credited with bringing many players into the NBA from Africa and Europe.
• Dean Lombardi (born 1958), general manager of NHL's Los Angeles Kings. (B)
• Junius Spencer Morgan (1813-1890), businessman, father of J. P. Morgan. (B)
• Kurt Riley (born 1987), rock and roll musician. (B)
• Neil Sheehan (born 1936), author of A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam.(B)
• Grace Mary Stern (1925-1998), Illinois state legislator, was born in Holyoke
• David E. Sweet (1933-1984), founding president of Metropolitan State University and later president of Rhode Island College.(B)
• Eva Tanguay (1879-1947), the "I Don't Care Girl", vaudevillian.
• William Fairfield Whiting, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce.
• William Whiting, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts.
• Mark Wohlers (born 1970), MLB relief pitcher who won a World Series in 1995 with the Atlanta Braves.(B)
• Theodore J. Wojnar, U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral.

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See also

• List of mill towns in Massachusetts

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References

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Further reading

General history

• Alcorn, W. M.; Shirley, P. E. (1910). Holyoke, Past and Present Progress and Prosperity; Historical and Industrial Notes. W.M. Alcorn Souvenir Association. OCLC 50033673. 
• Allyn, George H. (1912). Thirtieth Anniversary Sketch, Holyoke Daily Transcript, 1882-1912. The Transcript Publishing Co. OCLC 24571746. 
• Conant, Howard; Harper, Wyatt E. (1948). Complete program of Holyoke's seventy-fifth anniversary and home coming days : with a history of the city. OCLC 9694660. 
• Copeland, Alfred Minot, ed. (1902). "The City of Holyoke and the Factors in its History". "Our county and its people" : A history of Hampden County, Massachusetts. III. The Century Memorial Publishing Company. pp. 1-122. OCLC 5692695963. 
• Cutter, William Richard; Crane, Ellery Bicknell; Gardner, Eugene C.; Read, Charles French; Ballard, Harland Hoge; Rantoul, Robert Samuel; Lockwood, John H.; Dyer, E. Alden (1916). Encyclopedia of Massachusetts, Biographical-Genealogical. Boston: The American Historical Society, Inc. [Despite title, primarily covers individuals with connections to Holyoke] 
• "Dam at Hadley Falls". Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion. Boston: Frederick Gleason. I (14): 212. October 4, 1851. 
• DiCarlo, Ella Merkel (1982). Holyoke-Chicopee, a Perspective; 1882-1982. Transcript-Telegram Co. OCLC 9299261. 
• Eliot, Samuel; Bowditch, J. Ingersoll; Appleton, William; Smith, Alfred; Sargent, Ignatius (1853). A Report of the History and Present Condition of the Hadley Falls Company at Holyoke, Massachusetts. Boston: John Wilson & Son. 
• Gabriel, Ralph Henry (1936). The Founding of Holyoke: 1848. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 707070730. 
• Green, Constance McLaughlin (1939). Holyoke, Massachusetts; a case history of the industrial revolution in America. Yale Historical Publications. New Haven: Yale University Press. 
• Harper, Wyatt E. (1973). The Story of Holyoke. Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke. OCLC 8060402. 
• Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). "Holyoke". History of western Massachusetts : the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire. II. Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles and Company. pp. 70-77. OCLC 865814412. 
• "Holyoke". History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. II. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts; Press of J.B. Lippincott and Co. 1879. pp. 915-938. OCLC 866692568. 
• Holyoke, Massachusetts Centennial Souvenir Program. Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke. 1973. OCLC 49709901. 
• Holyoke, Old and New. Holyoke: Dillon Printing and Publishing. 1923. OCLC 49709987. 
• Holyoke, Past and Present, 1745-1895. The Transcript Publishing Co. 1895. OCLC 11107520. 
• Johnson, Fanny M. (October 1885). "A Model Industrial City". The Bay State Monthly. III (V): 328-340. 
• Kirtland, Edwin L. (February 1898). "The City of Holyoke". The New England Magazine. XVII (6): 715-737. 
• "South Hadley Falls Dam, Massachusetts". Harper's Weekly. New York: Harper Brothers. XIII (657): 493-494. October 4, 1851. 
• Warner, Charles F.; Johnson, Clifton, eds. (1891). Picturesque Hampden. Picturesque Massachusetts Series. Part II - West. Northampton, Mass.: Picturesque Publishing Company. pp. 1-152. OCLC 70679168. 

Culture and immigration

• Brahinsky, Rachel (1996). Ni para atras ni para coger impulso : life in Puerto Rican Holyoke (Div III). Hampshire College. OCLC 36622449. 
• Gerson, Jeffrey; Hardy-Fanta, Carol, eds. (2014) [2002]. "Holyoke". Latino Politics in Massachusetts: Struggles, Strategies and Prospects. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 9781135672140. 
• Guillet, Ernest B. (1980). French ethnic literature and culture in an American city : a study of New England French Canadian and Franco-American writings and theatrical productions with emphasis on Holyoke, Massachusetts, a major center of French life as seen in its newspapers, novels, poems, and plays between 1869 and the mid twentieth century (PhD). University of Massachusetts. OCLC 49863028. 
• Haebler, Peter (1976). Habitants in Holyoke: The Development of the French-Canadian Community in a Massachusetts City, 1865 - 1910 (PhD). University of New Hampshire. OCLC 163261568. 
• Hartford, William F. (1990). Working people of Holyoke : class and ethnicity in a Massachusetts mill town, 1850-1960. New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813515762. OCLC 21041495. 
• Smith, Bulkeley (1962). Holyoke's Negro Families; report to the Greater Holyoke Council of Churches of a survey. Greater Holyoke Council of Churches. OCLC 22333856. 
• Ueda, Reed, ed. (2017). "Holyoke, Puerto Rican Enclaves". America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places. ABC-CLIO. p. 586. ISBN 9781440828652. 
• Wiesinger, Gerwart (1994). Die deutsche Einwandererkolonie von Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865-1920 [The German Immigrant Colony of Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865-1920] (in German). Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag. OCLC 31941276. 

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External links

• City of Holyoke official website
• Greater Holyoke Chamber of Commerce
• PassportHolyoke.org
• Holyokemass.com - History and genealogy of Holyoke, Massachusetts
• Children's Museum at Holyoke
• Wistariahurst Museum

Source of the article : Wikipedia